【线上云德】疫情期间律师说（一百一十）┃疫情期间律师说 深圳推动个人破产制度破冰

《深圳经济特区个人破产条例（征求意见稿）》于2020年6月2日在深圳市人大常委会网站上公开征求意见。这是我国首部个人破产立法，“诚实而不幸”的债务人将有机会走出“债务泥潭”，东山再起。我国香港、台湾地区都制定有个人破产方面的法律法规，但国内立法机关尚未出台《个人破产法》，深圳率先在内地建立个人破产制度，是具有改革意义的“破冰”之举。

The "Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Personal Bankruptcy Regulations (Consultation Draft)" was publicly consulted on the website of the Standing Committee of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress on June 2, 2020. This is my country's first personal bankruptcy legislation, and "honest and unfortunate" debtors will have the opportunity to get out of the "debt quagmire" and make a comeback. my country’s Hong Kong and Taiwan have enacted laws and regulations on personal bankruptcy, but the domestic legislature has not yet promulgated the “Individual Bankruptcy Law”. Shenzhen is the first to establish an individual bankruptcy system in the Mainland.

我国企业破产法2007年6月1日开始施行，却被学者们称为“半部破产法”，个人破产制度的缺失，一方面造成了市场主体之间的地位不平等，另一方面也影响了企业破产制度的效果。个人破产制度是指自然人不能清偿到期债务时，通过法定程序宣告其破产，将其剩余资产公平分配给债权人，对未得到清偿的债权，免除他继续清偿责任的制度。

China's corporate bankruptcy law came into effect on June 1, 2007, but scholars called it the "half bankruptcy law." The lack of a personal bankruptcy system, on the one hand, caused unequal status among market players, on the other hand, it also affected The effect of the enterprise bankruptcy system. The personal bankruptcy system refers to a system in which a natural person can declare bankruptcy through statutory procedures and distribute his remaining assets to creditors fairly, and exempt him from continuing to pay off the debts that have not been repaid.

目前，深圳是第一个将要出台个人破产地方法规的内地城市。但是，深圳不是第一个实施个人破产制度的城市，早在2019年，在民间借贷极其活跃的浙江温州，就开始实施个人破产制度，温州市率先开展的“个人债务集中清理”，正是建立个人破产制度的重要试点。2019年9月5日，温州中院发布全国首个与个人破产制度功能相当的府院联席会议纪要。9月11日，温州中院联合市金融办通报开展个人债务集中清理试点工作相关情况，公布温州中院《关于个人债务集中清理实施意见》。自全面开展个人债务集中清理试点工作以来，温州法院系统即对经过筛选案件启动清理程序。

At present, Shenzhen is the first inland city to introduce local bankruptcy regulations. However, Shenzhen is not the first city to implement a personal bankruptcy system. As early as 2019, the personal bankruptcy system began in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, where private lending is extremely active. An important pilot of the personal bankruptcy system. On September 5, 2019, the Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court released the minutes of the first joint meeting of the government and the courts with the function of the personal bankruptcy system. On September 11, the Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court and the Financial Office of the Municipality notified the relevant situation of the pilot work on the concentration of personal debts and announced the "Opinions on the Implementation of the Centralization of Personal Debts". Since the pilot work on the centralized liquidation of personal debts has been fully carried out, the Wenzhou court system has initiated liquidation procedures for selected cases.

为什么深圳如此迫切地推动个人破产制度的破冰？实际上，这与深圳存在大量个体工商户、自然人从事商事活动的商业环境不无关系。截至今年1月底，在深圳登记的个体工商户123.6万户，占深圳商事主体总数的37.5%。除了数量惊人的创业者以自然人的身份进行创业，还有很多小微企业主往往将个人财产与公司财产捆绑在一起，企业可以破产，个人不能破产，不少债权人要求企业主以个人财产进行抵押。这不仅加大了金融风险，也给高利贷、地下钱庄等非法融资创造了空间。

Why is Shenzhen so urgently pushing the personal bankruptcy system to break the ice? In fact, this has nothing to do with the business environment in Shenzhen where a large number of individual industrial and commercial households and natural persons engage in commercial activities. As of the end of January this year, 1.236 million individual industrial and commercial households registered in Shenzhen, accounting for 37.5% of the total number of commercial entities in Shenzhen. In addition to the amazing number of entrepreneurs who start their businesses as natural persons, many small and micro business owners often bundle personal property with company property. Businesses can go bankrupt, but individuals cannot go bankrupt. Many creditors require business owners to mortgage their personal property . This not only increased financial risks, but also created room for illegal financing such as loan sharks and underground banks.